Irwin S. Chanin and his brother Henry I. Chanin built it alongside the Majestic, the Royale (now the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre) and the Lincoln Hotel, today the Row NYC Hotel. Each house had a purpose: revues at the Majestic (1,800 seats), musical comedy at the Royale (1,200) and small, intimate plays at the Masque, with 800.
As the Theatre Masque, the house opened on February 24, 1927, with Puppets of Passion by Rosso di San Secondo, which closed after 12 performances. In 1930 the Chanins passed their interest to the Shuberts. John Golden leased the building at the end of 1936 and put his own name on it on January 26, 1937; two earlier Broadway houses had already carried it. His biggest success here, Angel Street (1941), ran nearly 1,300 performances. The Shuberts took full ownership in 1945, the house showed films from 1946, and live shows came back in 1948.
Victor Borge's Comedy in Music opened in 1953 and played 849 performances, and Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot had its Broadway premiere here in 1956 with Bert Lahr and E. G. Marshall. Revues for two became a house specialty, from Betty Comden and Adolph Green to An Evening with Mike Nichols and Elaine May.
Between 1977 and 1984 the Golden housed four plays that won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama: The Gin Game, Crimes of the Heart, 'night, Mother and David Mamet's Glengarry Glen Ross. The Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building on November 17, 1987, and the courts upheld that decision in 1992.
Avenue Q, winner of the 2004 Tony Award for Best Musical, moved in from Off-Broadway in 2003 and stayed until 2009. As of October 2026, its 2,534 performances remain the house record. Later tenants included the Tony-winning plays Red (2010) and Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike (2013). In 2024 Stereophonic drew 13 Tony nominations during its run here, a record for a play, and won five, including Best Play.